Figure 2.19. Pathways of starch degradation. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; Pi, inorganic phosphate; GWN, glucan water dikinase; PWD, phosphoglucan water dikinase; SEX4/LSF2, phosphoglucan phosphatases; ISA3/LDA debranching enzymes (DBEs); BAM1/BAM3, β-amylases; D-Enyzme 1/2, disproportionating enzyme (α-1,4-glucanotransferase); pGlcT, glucose transporter; MEX1, maltose transporter, HK, hexokinase; PGM, phosphoglucomutase; Glu-1-P, Glucose-1-phosphate; Glu-6-P, Glucose-6-phosphate; OPP, Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. (Original drawing courtesy Nicolas Taylor & Harvey Millar)