Contents Page
About the textbook
Contents Page
Chapter 1 - Light use and leaf gas exchange
1.1 - Leaf anatomy, light interception and gas exchange
1.1.1 - Leaf Structure
1.1.2 - Light absorption
1.1.3 - CO
2
diffusion to chloroplasts
1.1.4 - Light and CO
2
effects on leaf photosynthesis
Case Study 1.1 - Development of
A:C
i
curves
1.2 - Chloroplasts and energy capture
1.2.1 - Chloroplast structure and composition
1.2.2 - Chlorophyll absorption and photosynthetic action spectra
1.2.3 - Cooperative photosystems and a ‘Z’ scheme for electron flow
1.2.4 - ATP synthesis
1.2.5 - Chlorophyll fluorescence
Case Study 1.2 - Five chlorophylls and photosynthesis
1.3 - Concluding remarks
1.4 Further reading
Chapter 2 - Carbon dioxide assimilation and respiration
2.1 - C
3
photosynthesis
2.1.1 - Photosynthetic carbon reduction
2.1.2 - RuBP regeneration
2.1.3 - Properties of Rubisco
Feature essay 2.1 - The discovery of C
4
photosynthesis
2.2 - C
4
and CAM photosynthesis
2.2.1 - Evolution of C
4
photosynthesis
2.2.2 - The CO
2
concentrating mechanism in C
4
photosynthesis
2.2.3 - Energetics of C
4
photosynthesis
2.2.4 - The biochemical subtypes of C
4
photosynthesis
2.2.5 - Environmental physiology of C
3
versus C
4
photosynthesis
2.2.6 - Single-cell C
4
photosynthesis
2.2.7 - C
3
-C
4
photosynthesis
2.2.8 - Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
2.2.8.1 - Biochemical attributes distinctive to CAM
2.2.8.2 - Physiological attributes distinctive to CAM
2.2.8.3 - Ecological attributes distinctive to CAM
2.2.8.4 - Speculations on the origins of CAM
2.2.8.5 - References for CAM
2.2.9 - Submerged aquatic macrophytes (SAM)
2.10 References for photosynthesis
2.3 - Photorespiration
2.3.1 - History of photorespiration research
2.3.2 - Photorespiration needs three organelles
2.3.3 - C
4
plants and unicellular algae avoid photorespiration
2.3.4 - Does photorespiration represent lost productivity?
2.3.5 - References for photorespiration
2.4 - Respiration and energy generation
2.4.1 - Starch and sucrose degradation
2.4.2 - The glycolytic pathway
2.4.3 - The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway
2.4.4 - Mitochondria and organic acid oxidation (the TCA cycle)
2.4.5 - Electron transport chain
2.4.6 - ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation)
2.4.7 - Alternative electron transport pathways
2.4.8 - Energetics of respiration
2.4.9 - Further Reading
Chapter 3 - Water movement in plants
3.1 - Plant water relations
3.1.1 - The power of turgor pressure
3.1.2 - Osmotic pressure and water potential
3.1.3 - Positive and negative hydrostatic pressures
3.1.4 - Turgor loss, cytorrhysis, and plasmolysis
3.1.5 - What drives water flow?
3.1.6 - The influence of gravity
3.1.7 - Definitions and further reading
3.2 - Long distance xylem transport
3.2.1 - Cohesion Theory for the Ascent of Sap
3.2.2 - Xylem as an effective conduit for sap
3.2.3 - Axial flow in the xylem - where does it start?
3.2.4 - Solutes in xylem sap
3.3 - Leaf vein architecture and anatomy
3.3.1 - Vein architecture of conifers and angiosperms
3.3.2 - Damage control
3.3.3 - Water extraction from the xylem
3.3.4 - Solute extraction from the xylem
3.4 - Water movement from soil to roots
3.4.1 - Water in soils
3.4.2 - Water in pots
3.4.3 - Uptake of water by roots
3.4.4 - Soil:root interface
3.5 - Water and nutrient transport through roots
3.5.1 - Radial pathways across roots
3.5.2 - Variable barriers: endodermis and exodermis
3.5.3 - Relation between water and nutrient flux
3.6 - Membrane transport of water and ions
3.6.1 - Diffusion and permeability
3.6.2 - Chemical potential
3.6.3 - Ions, charge and membrane voltages
3.6.4 - Aquaporins (water channels)
3.7 - References
Chapter 4 - Nutrient uptake from soils
4.1 - Nutrient requirements and root architecture
4.1.1 - Plant nutrition
4.1.2 - Root system architecture
Definitions
Case Study 4.1 - Cluster (proteoid) roots
4.2 - Soil-root interface
4.2.1 - The rhizosphere
4.2.2 - Rhizosphere chemistry
4.2.3 - Rhizosphere biology
4.2.4 - Costs and benefits of a rhizosphere
4.3 - Mycorrhizal associations
4.3.1 - Main types of mycorrhizas
4.3.2 - Development and structure of mycorrhizas
4.3.3 - Functional aspects of mycorrhizas
Case Study 4.2 - Regulation of legume nodule numbers
4.4 - Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
4.4.1 - Acquiring atmospheric nitrogen
4.4.2 - A range of N
2
-fixing associations
4.4.3 - Rhizobium associations
4.4.4 - The Rhizobium-legume symbiosis is fine-tuned by a molecular dialogue
4.4.5 - Linking functions with structures
4.4.6 - Measuring N
2
fixation
4.6 - References
Chapter 5 - Phloem transport
5.1 - Distribution of photoassimilates within plants
5.1.1 - Source–path–sink transport processes
5.1.2 - Photoassimilate transport and biomass production
5.1.3 - Whole-plant distribution of photoassimilate
5.2 - Phloem transport
5.2.1 - Phloem structure and function
5.2.2 - Techniques to collect phloem sap
5.2.3 - Chemical nature of translocated material
5.2.4 - Phloem flux
5.2.5 - Control of assimilate transport from source to sink
5.3 - Phloem loading
5.3.1 - Pathway of phloem loading in source leaves
5.3.2 - Mechanisms of phloem loading
5.3.3 - Sink regulation of phloem loading
5.4 - Phloem unloading and sink utilisation
5.4.1 - Cellular pathways of phloem unloading
5.4.2 - Mechanisms of phloem unloading
5.4.3 - Sugar metabolism and compartmentation in sinks
5.4.4 - Key transfer events in sugar metabolism and compartmentation
5.4.5 - Sink control of photoassimilate partitioning
5.4.6 - Follow the flow: unloading of water and its destination
5.5 - References
Chapter 6 - Growth analysis: a quantitative approach
6.1 - Concepts and components of RGR
6.1.1 - Cell populations
6.1.2 - Plant biomass
6.2 - Environmental impacts on RGR
6.2.1 - Light
6.2.2 - Temperature
6.2.3 - Carbon dioxide
6.3 - Vegetative growth and development
6.3.1 - Patterns of leaf growth
6.3.2 - Root:shoot ratios
6.3.3 - Allometry
6.4 - Reproductive development
6.4.1 - Harvest index
6.4.2 - Yield components
6.4.3 - Increasing harvest index
6.5 - Respiratory efficiency and plant growth
6.5.1 - Processes of energy generation and utilisation
6.5.2 - Fast-growing versus slow-growing plants
6.5.3 - Maintenance versus growth respiration
6.5.4 - Suboptimal environments
6.6 - References
Chapter 7 - Plant growth and development
7.1 - Axial growth: root, shoot and leaf development
7.1.1 - Root apical meristems
7.1.2 - Shoot apical meristems
7.1.3 - Leaf development
Case Study 7.1 - The significance of cell walls
7.2 - Secondary growth and wood development
7.2.1 - The vascular cambium
7.2.2 - Secondary growth
7.2.3 - Wood formation
7.2.4 - The cork cambium
Case Study 7.2 - How gene effects on wood formation can be studied in forest tree species
7.3 - Cell growth
7.3.1 - Wall structure and expansion
7.3.2 - Importance of osmosis
7.3.3 - Osmosis and wall biomechanics
7.3.4 - Search for molecular mechanism of cell enlargement
7.4 - References
Chapter 11 - Fruit growth, ripening and post-harvest physiology
11.1 - Origin of fruit tissues and fruit set
11.2 - Dynamics of fruit growth
11.2.1 - Cell division and enlargement
11.2.2 - Cell differentiation
11.2.3 - Seed development and fruit growth
11.3 - Resources for fruit growth
11.3.1 - Photoassimilate distribution
11.3.2 - Composition of photoassimilates
11.3.3 - Fruit composition and sensory attributes
11.3.4 - Mineral nutrients
11.4 - Carbon accumulation
11.4.1 - Sugar storage
11.4.2 - Starch storage
11.5 - Fruit ripening
11.5.1 - Ethylene and the regulation of ripening
11.5.2 - Developmental control of ripening
11.5.3 - Texture and softening
11.5.4 - Colour and flavour
Feature Essay - 11.1 A century of ethylene research
11.6 - Extending storage life
11.6.1 - Temperature and relative humidity
11.6.2 - Controlled and modified atmospheres
11.6.3 - Blocking ethylene action
11.6.4 Storage disorders
11.7 - Future technologies
11.8 - Concluding remarks
11.9 - Further reading and literature cited
Chapter 12 - Sunlight and plant production
12.1 - Photosynthesis in sun and shade
12.1.1 - Light interception and utilisation
12.1.2 - Photoinhibition and photoprotection
12.1.3 - Sun/shade acclimation and rainforest gaps
12.1.4 - Sunflecks and photosynthesis dynamics
Feature essay 12.1 - Perspectives on photoprotection and photoinhibition
12.2 - Agricultural production and light
12.2.1 - Leaf area index and canopy light climate
12.2.2 - Light use efficiency
12.3 - Forest production and light
12.3.1 - Canopy architecture and light interception
12.3.2 - Canopy productivity
Case study 12.1 - Pine forest production and light use efficiency
12.4 - Light and horticultural production
12.4.1 - Light interception
12.4.2 - Light and fruit quality
12.4.3 - Light, flower bud differentiation and fruit set
12.4.4 - Orchard design, canopy management and light interception
12.5 - Ultraviolet radiation
12.5.1 - Ultraviolet radiation and plant biology
12.6 - Conclusion and references
Chapter 14 - Temperature and acclimation
14.1 - Thermal environment and plant heat budgets
14.1.1 - Temperature means and extremes
14.1.2 - Plant temperatures
14.1.3 - Plant energy budgets
14.2 - Growth and development responses to temperature
14.2.1 - Plant variation in sensitivity to temperature
14.2.2 - Thermal time and crop development
14.2.3 - Photothermal Quotient (PTQ) predicts potential crop yield
14.3 - Responses of enzymes, photosynthesis and assimilate transport
14.3.1 - Photosynthesis
14.3.2 - Assimilate transport
14.3.3 - Biochemistry and basic concepts
14.4 - Chilling injury
14.4.1 - Symptoms of chilling injury
14.4.2 - Quantifying chilling injury
14.4.3 - Ranges of chilling tolerance
14.4.4 - Chill hardening
14.5 - Plant responses to cold
14.5.1 - Cold sensing and signal transduction
14.5.2 - Changes in gene expression underpinning cold acclimation
14.5.3 - Cold-induced changes in membrane characteristics and metabolic profiles
14.5.4 - Cold responses of photosynthesis
14.5.5 - Increased respiratory capacity in cold acclimated plants
14.5.6 - Further Reading
14.6 - Frost and freezing injury
14.6.1 - Physics and physiology
14.6.2 - Alleviating frost damage in horticulture
Case Study 14.1 - Cold-induced photoinhibition and tree regeneration
14.7 - High temperature stress
14.7.1 - Plant response to high temperature
14.7.2 - Heat avoidance
14.7.3 - Heat injury and inhibition
14.7.4 - Heat tolerance
14.7.5 References
14.8 - Concluding remarks
Chapter 18 - Waterlogging and submergence
18.1 - Soil aeration, redox chemistry, soil toxins and changes in nutrients
Case Study 18.1: Rice ecotypes and systems
18.2 - Water chemistry of floods causing complete submergence
18.3 - Biochemical and metabolic adaptations
Case Study 18.2: Rice coleoptiles - an excellent model for studies on oxygen deprivation
18.3.1 - Root respiration and anaerobic metabolism
Case Study 18.3 - Can plants sense oxygen?
18.3.2 - Reactive oxygen species
18.3.3 - Nutrient acquisition by roots in waterlogged soil
18.4 - Internal aeration - aerenchyma and morphological adaptations
18.4.1 - Aerenchyma in roots
18.4.2 - Through-flows of O2 along rhizomes of some wetland plants
18.4.3 - Specialised roots for flooded environments
18.5 - Complete submergence - escape or quiescence responses
18.5.1 - Photosynthesis under water
Case Study 18.4 - Photosynthesis and internal aeration in submerged aquatic plants
18.5.2 - Internal aeration when completely submerged
18.6 - Recovery when waters recede
18.6.1- Shoot desubmergence
18.6.2 - Soil drainage following waterlogging
18.7 - References